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During World War I, Charles Schenck, Secretary of the Socialist Party of America, mailed circulars to draftees suggesting that the draft was a horrendous wrong done to them by the capitalist system. Schenck advised peaceful resistance to the Conscription Act, and thus was arrested on charges of conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act by criticizing the government. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes concluded that words spoken in times of war that would be tolerated in peacetime can be punished, if they present a "clear and present danger" which Congress has the right to prevent. This showed that in times of "clear and present danger" the first amendment rights of the American people were greatly diminished.
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